Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH) is a premier institute of science and technology established in 2008. IITH has been consistently ranked in the&nbsp;<a href="https://iith.ac.in/reports/" rel="noopener noreferrer">top 10 institutes</a>&nbsp;in India for Engineering&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/EngineeringRanking.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">according to NIRF</a>&nbsp;making it one of the most coveted schools for science and technology in the country.

IITH offers&nbsp;<a href="https://iith.ac.in/academics/under-graduate/">undergraduate programs</a>&nbsp;in all the classical engineering disciplines, applied sciences, design, as well as several modern interdisciplinary areas. Students are given a flexibility to explore a broad set of areas, and potentially pursue a minor or double major in a discipline that is not their own. Students who wish to seek a deeper understanding of their own discipline are strongly encouraged to get involved in cutting-edge research with the help of a faculty to mentor them, and earn an Honors in their own field.

The very foundation of IIT Hyderabad is based on&nbsp;<a href="https://iith.ac.in/research/">research and innovation</a>. The vibrant research culture is evident from the number of patents and publications that IITH produces consistently every year. IITH offers&nbsp;<a href="https://iith.ac.in/academics/programmes-offered/">graduate programs</a>&nbsp;at both a masters, and a doctoral level, in several diverse areas. There are separate programs for technology, design, science, and liberal arts. The&nbsp;<a href="https://iith.ac.in/academics/post-graduate/">MTech program</a>&nbsp;is offered in various modes and durations to cater to the ever-growing need of postgraduate level professionals in the country.

IITH encourages and supports&nbsp;<a href="https://iic-iith.netlify.app/index.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">innovation and entrepreneurship</a>&nbsp;at every stage. The minor program in entrepreneurship is open to all students of IITH, and many of the courses are offered by industrialists who are entrepreneurs themselves. There are various&nbsp;<a href="https://iith.ac.in/research/centres-incubators/">innovation centers and incubators</a>&nbsp;that promote entrepreneurship and help mentor young innovators. IITH has been very successful in building tie-ups with leading academic institutions around the globe.

IITH enjoys a very special relationship with Japanese universities and industries that goes beyond academic and research collaborations. In fact, some of the iconic buildings in IITH campus will carry the signature of Japanese architecture.

IITH creates a unique holistic ecosystem for education that offers interactive learning, a very flexible academic structure, cutting-edge research, strong industry collaboration, and entrepreneurship. This is an environment which enables students and faculty to translate their dreams into realities.

IIT Hyderabad

The objective of this paper is to suggest a robust optimal power flow (OPF) framework to perform locational marginal pricing under the scarcity of reactive power. The classical OPF models employed for market clearing either assume infinite reactive power support or make a fully independent representation of the reactive power load. In contrast, a potentially more accurate power flow model is adopted in this paper recognizing the dependence of the level of reactive power consumption on the level of active power consumption. The relationship is primarily modeled by employing the concept of power factor. In addition, there can be load requests with different power factors from the same location. The corresponding locational marginal prices (LMPs) are found to vary not only spatially but also according to power factors. Thus, a two-dimensional LMP variation is finally obtained. A consistent definition of financial transmission rights is also provided and the associated LMP decomposition scheme is described. The model proposed is studied on the IEEE 30-bus system and its distinctive features are noted down and discussed. © 2012 IEEE.

Department of Electrical Engineering

World University root node

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems

Reactive power constrained OPF scheduling with 2-D locational marginal pricing

The primary objective of this paper is to design a security-constrained locational marginal pricing framework with specific emphasis on creating clear incentive for the demand side to make participation in serving the reserve option. Both the contingency forms, such as line outage and generator outage, are taken into account. The reserve services from the demand side are identified from the respective energy requests only, based upon a concept of load service security. Different prices are established for generating and load entities. Those are defined as generator and load locational marginal prices (LMPs), respectively. The load LMPs are further differentiated based upon the service security levels requested by different load entities. In the case of any system stress due to security constraints, the load prices go higher for a higher level of service security. Therefore, the necessary price signal is generated to control the service security requests. The prices that are established also resolve the overcharge and underpayment issues involved in the conventional security-constrained market optimizations. The price split that takes place is well characterized to provide clear price signals for future investments. The compatibility of financial transmission rights with the new pricing framework is also addressed. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

Improving demand response and bid-consistency of price outcome in the security-constrained dispatch scheduling

The objective of this work is to design a suitable rule for the energy reference selection in the AC optimal power flow (ACOPF)-based locational marginal price (LMP) calculation. In the case of the ACOPF model, the congestion component of the LMP vector exhibits strong dependence on the energy reference. This in turn makes the hourly values of financial transmission rights (FTRs) to be reference dependent, and, thus, is a source of dispute. In order to resolve this dispute, a direct optimization framework is developed in this work exploring the interrelationship between the congestion components of locational marginal prices at individual buses. The objective function and the constraints of this optimization model are carefully designed looking at the true motive of the LMP decomposition. At the same time, necessary attention is paid so as to ensure revenue adequacy in the FTR settlement. The optimization problem that is ultimately to be solved is a simple quadratic programming problem with only one variable and two constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is verified through a case study on a modified IEEE 30-bus system. The framework developed also unveils several interesting features of the LMP components that were under cover until now. © 2011 IEEE.

Optimal LMP decomposition for the ACOPF calculation

On current days, many of the power markets are adopting the practice of marginal loss pricing. The dc optimal power flow (DCOPF) model is still mostly used for the purpose of market clearing owing to its simplicity, robustness and higher speed of convergence. Within the DCOPF framework, transmission line losses are represented as additional external loads on the system. In the classical DCOPF model of marginal loss pricing, as implemented in the New England market, the aggregated network loss is distributed over the system nodes in a fixed ratio. To gain more design flexibility in the distribution of system losses, a matrix loss distribution (MLD) framework is developed in this paper maintaining compatibility with financial transmission rights. In MLD, each individual line is considered separately for the purpose of loss distribution. The ratio in which the power loss in a certain line is distributed can be different from that in which the power loss in another line is distributed. The additional design flexibility thus obtained assists in making a more accurate representation of the power flow. The benefit of MLD is illustrated through a case study. An energy reference independent application of MLD is also suggested. © 2009 IEEE.

DCOPF-based marginal loss pricing with enhanced power flow accuracy by using matrix loss distribution

In order to guard forward contracts from the locational marginal price (LMP) volatility, financial transmission rights (FTRs) are issued in the centralized power markets. However, the current FTR system can provide hedge only against the congestion components of LMP differentials. Consequently, the loss components remain unhedged. To bridge the gap, a framework is developed in this paper to implement an FTR system that will provide hedge against the loss prices. The availability of loss-hedging FTRs in addition to the congestion hedging FTRs further reduces the exposure of the forward market participants to the LMP volatility. The loss-hedging framework developed is carefully designed to fit the practical environment. All the primary issues for the implementation of loss-hedging FTRs, such as the revenue adequacy test, auction, and auction revenue rights, are carefully addressed. Revenue adequacy of loss-hedging FTRs can be ensured by means of a test called as the offset capacity test. Some efficient policies are also designed for the successful functioning of loss-hedging FTRs. At the end of the paper, a case study is carried out to assess the effectiveness of the methodology developed. © 2009 IEEE.

Introduction to loss-hedging financial transmission rights

This paper analyzes the implementability of locational marginal price (LMP) and financial transmission right (FTR) mechanisms in the presence of high voltage dc (HVDC) lines in the regulated (i.e., under the control of system operator) network. The established framework of LMP-FTR mechanism assumes that the system under regulation is fully ac. Unregulated (or private) HVDC lines are taken into account within this framework through proxy-transaction bids from the line owners. However, as the flow over a regulated HVDC line has to be controlled by the system operator himself, the existing LMP-FTR framework becomes insufficient if the system contains or is expanded with regulated HVDC lines. The augmentation that should be made to the existing framework to include regulated HVDC lines is explained in this paper. It is shown that the flow over a regulated HVDC line can be modeled as a non-chargeable bilateral transaction without causing any threat of negative congestion surplus. For this power dispatch model, revenue adequacy of FTRs can be still ensured by means of the conventional simultaneous feasibility test (SFT) model. By utilizing the capacities of dc lines, a more general SFT model is further developed. The modified auction problem is discussed and tested for the non-negativity of net auction collection. The process of revenue adequate issuance of auction revenue rights is explained. Finally, the relative merit of a regulated HVDC line over a private HVDC line is discussed through a case study. © 2008 IEEE.

Implementation of LMP-FTR mechanism in an AC-DC system

This paper introduces the concept of multidimensional financial transmission right (MDFTR) which is a generalized group financial transmission right (FTR) concept. An MDFTR allows its owner to hold a total FTR amount over a path group along with multiple choices to distribute this grouped amount among the individual grouping paths. This added flexibility provides forward-market participants with a useful support to overcome the congestion price risk that originates from the uncertainty in their transaction paths. All the fundamental issues regarding the implementation of MDFTRs are addressed in detail in this paper. The practical utility of MDFTRs is judged by analyzing their costs. It is shown with illustration that an MDFTR may be more cost-effective than any given portfolio of individual FTRs that has the ability to give the same risk-hedging benefit. © 2008 IEEE.

Introduction to multidimensional financial transmission rights

Financial transmission rights (FTRs) are complementary to the locational marginal pricing of energy. The basic aim of the FTR mechanism is to guard forward contracts from uncertain congestion charges. FTRs are also useful to individual generators and loads for selling and buying power, respectively, at the prices of other locations. The concept has evolved, encompassing many features such as a simultaneous feasibility test, various ways to conduct auctions and allocations and secondary trading. FTRs also have a close relation to market power and transmission investment. This paper reviews most of the landmark research papers on the evolution of the FTR concept. It reports a comprehensive assessment of various facets of FTRs and allied issues. Financial transmission rights and flowgate rights (FGRs) are compared. The concept of long-term FTRs is discussed. The paper also touches upon future proposals in this area. © 2008 IEEE.

A comprehensive assessment of the evolution of financial transmission rights

Objective of this paper is to suggest a robust and easy-to-implement mathematical framework for dealing with simultaneous feasibility condition in financial transmission rights (FTRs) auction. The framework suggested is robust in the sense that it provides a purely analytical basis for clearing option and obligation FTRs simultaneously. Formulation has been shown for a DC power flow based model. In order to get rid of the over-burden of a huge number of constraints that result in the basic formulation, we have developed a simple and elegant idea which is entitled as directional breaking. Application of directional breaking drastically reduces the number of constraints and, thus, renders the formulation to ease the computations. © 2006 IEEE.

2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, PES

A robust mathematical framework for managing simultaneous feasibility condition in financial transmission rights auction

A novel approach of defining the threshold voltage for long channel MOSFETs has been presented in this paper, where it has been proposed that it corresponds to the gate-to-source voltage for which the drift and diffusion components of the total drain current become equal to each other. In order to avoid the greater computation time associated with the numerical solution of these two components, an analytical expression of the surface potential, corresponding to the threshold condition, is given here, which has the same functional form as the one proposed by Tsividis. The fuzzy parameter n, appearing in this expression of the surface potential, is expressed as a function of the substrate doping density (NA) and the oxide thickness (tox). The threshold voltage values, obtained analytically from the relation between the surface potential at the threshold condition and the closed-form technology-mapped expression of the fuzzy parameter n, show an excellent match with those obtained from SILVACO simulations for a wide range of NA and tox, with the maximum error being only about 4%. The comparison of the percent error values of the threshold voltage obtained from this proposed model with those obtained from the other two recently proposed methods, all with respect to SILVACO simulation results, further verifies the validity of our completely analytical, mathematically simple, and straight-forward approach, proposed in this work here. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solid-State Electronics

An accurate, analytical, and technology-mapped definition of the surface potential at threshold and a new postulate for the threshold voltage of MOSFETs

This paper presents a new genetic approach for solving the thermal Unit Commitment (UC) problem. A parallel system model has been developed to handle the infeasibility problem in a structured way and thus to provide an effective search. Typical constraints like minimum up and down times, start up and shut down ramps, must run and must not run have been considered. A number of important parameters related to UC problem have been identified. These parameters have been utilized to develop some intelligent mutation operators as well as two special schemes. Tests have been performed on 10, 16 and 20 unit systems over a scheduling period of 24 hours. The results are found to be better than those obtained through two genetic schemes proposed in earlier literature. © 2004 IEEE.