With increasing urbanization and advancement of science, researches in nanotechnology and nanomaterial development are experiencing unprecedented expansion. Nanoparticle pollution is considered to be the most difficult pollution being managed and controlled. This chapter briefly describes the different types of water pollutants with a more detailed discussion on nanoparticle pollution. The chapter also gives an effort to visualize the challenges associated with dealing with nanoparticle waste. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.