Sustaining the quality of the environment by satisfying the needs of a rising population remains one of the key challenges for a densely populated agrarian nation like India. The past century has witnessed significant growth in crop productivity in India. Water scarcity, deforestation, contamination of water bodies and soil and increased release of greenhouse gases have been the side effects of this past development. With growing scientific evidence suggesting the harsh climatic vulnerabilities arising in the future, utilization of regionally or nationally gridded crop models could aid in impact prediction and crop management. Crop models rely on the simulation of crop interaction with the soil and atmosphere by adopting various empirical, semiempirical, and deterministic approaches. The accuracy of prediction varies with the choice of the model, input parameters, and field measurements across various spatial scales. This chapter is an overview of the crop models and associated considerations in model development for building sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.