Two-component nanoplasmas generated by strong-field ionization of doped helium nanodroplets are studied in a pump-probe experiment using few-cycle laser pulses in combination with molecular dynamics simulations. High yields of helium ions and a pronounced resonance structure in the pump-probe transients which is droplet size dependent reveal the evolution of the dopant-induced helium nanoplasma with an active role for He shells in the ensuing dynamics. The pump-probe dynamics is interpreted in terms of strong inner ionization by the pump pulse and resonant heating by the probe pulse which controls the final charge states detected via the frustration of electron-ion recombination. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.